Part 1: Discussion Board
Chambers and Hollens (2020) attribute prejudice to comfort and low-effort cognitive
processing. Comfort levels often cause unconscious biases in favor of similar people or groups.
Low-effort cognitive processing involves snap judgments or stereotypes without deliberation,
which might skew perceptions.
One intervention to increase awareness and action to combat bias is diversity and
inclusion training. Training can help people recognize and challenge their conscious and
unconscious prejudices. It can raise awareness, acceptance, and commitment to diversity and
bias reduction.
Part 2: Theory and Terms
Stereotype Threat and Self-Fulfilling Prophecy are distinct concepts:
A stereotype A threat occurs when people aware of negative perceptions about their
identities feel added pressure that can affect their performance. For example, if they know
women are not as proficient at arithmetic as men, women taking a math test may feel like a
stereotype threat. Self-Fulfilling The Pygmalion Effect, or prophecy, is a belief or anticipation
about a person or organization that leads to actions that fulfill it. A kid may perform better
academically if a teacher sees them as brilliant, validating their view (StanfordSCOPE, 2013).
Part 3: Application
The Kagan Structures offer flexible, cooperative learning tools for different grade levels.
The 7-minute, 45-second "Stand Up, Hand Up, Pair Up" technique helps kindergarteners debate

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subjects in pairs dynamically and engagingly. This technique encourages active engagement and
social interaction, which helps young learners develop fundamental social skills.
The "Kagan for High School" tactics can be applied to more sophisticated debates and
group work in high school. These methods meet older kids' academic needs while fostering
critical thinking, communication, and teamwork. They encourage mature engagement and
collaboration, enriching high school learning.
Middle school students can benefit from the 2-minute, 40-second "Rally Table and Round
Table" strategy for classroom collaboration. The 6-minute, 20-second "Numbered Heads
Together" strategy promotes group conversations and problem-solving, making it ideal for
middle schoolers. These tactics promote cooperative learning and prepare students for more
complex academic tasks.

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Reference

StanfordSCOPE,. (2013, July 18). Stereotype threat: A conversation with Claude Steele.
YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=failylROnrY